), conventional long form: Republic of Cubaconventional short form: Cubalocal long form: Republica de Cubalocal short form: Cubaetymology: name derives from the Taino Indian designation for the island "coabana" meaning "great place", name: Havanageographic coordinates: 23 07 N, 82 21 Wtime difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lightingetymology: the sites of Spanish colonial cities often retained their original Taino names; Habana, the Spanish name for the city, may be based on the name of a local Taino chief, HABAGUANEX, 15 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Artemisa, Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Mayabeque, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara, 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902); not acknowledged by the Cuban Government as a day of independence, Triumph of the Revolution (Liberation Day), 1 January (1959), history: several previous; latest drafted 14 July 2018, approved by the National Assembly 22 December 2018, approved by referendum 24 February 2019amendments: proposed by the National Assembly of Peoples Power; passage requires approval of at least two-thirds majority of the National Assembly membership; amendments to constitutional articles on the authorities of the National Assembly, Council of State, or any rights and duties in the constitution also require approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on the Cuban political, social, and economic system cannot be amended, civil law system based on Spanish civil code, has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt, citizenship by birth: yescitizenship by descent only: yesdual citizenship recognized: noresidency requirement for naturalization: unknown, chief of state: President Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 19 April 2018); Vice President Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (since 10 October 2019)head of government: Prime Minister Manuel MARRERO Cruz (since 21 December 2019); Deputy Prime Ministers Ramiro VALDES Menendez, Ines Maria CHAPMAN Waugh, Jorge Luis TAPIA Fonseca, Alejandro GIL Fernandez, Ricardo CABRISAS Ruiz (since 21 December 2019), and Jorge Luis PERDOMO DI-LELLA (since 20 April 2021)cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president and appointed by the National Assemblyelections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (may be reelected for another 5-year term); election last held on 10 October 2019 (next to be held NA)election results: 2019: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.1%2018: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 100%note - on 19 April 2018, DIAZ-CANEL succeeded Raul CASTRO as president of the Councils of State and Ministers; on 10 October 2019 he was elected to the newly created position of President of the Republic, which replaced the position of President of the Councils of State and Ministers, description: unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular (605 seats; (586 seats filled in 2021); members directly elected by absolute majority vote; members serve 5-year terms); note 1 - the National Candidature Commission submits a slate of approved candidates; to be elected, candidates must receive more than 50% of valid votes otherwise the seat remains vacant or the Council of State can declare another election; note 2 - in July 2019, the National Assembly passed a law which reduces the number of members from 605 to 474, effective with the 2023 general electionelections: last held on 11 March 2018 (next to be held in early 2023)election results: Cuba's Communist Party is the only legal party, and officially sanctioned candidates run unopposed; composition (as of June 2021) - men 273, women 313, percent of women 53.4%, highest court(s): People's Supreme Court (consists of court president, vice president, 41 professional justices, and NA lay judges); organization includes the State Council, criminal, civil, administrative, labor, crimes against the state, and military courts)judge selection and term of office: professional judges elected by the National Assembly are not subject to a specific term; lay judges nominated by workplace collectives and neighborhood associations and elected by municipal or provincial assemblies; lay judges appointed for 5-year terms and serve up to 30 days per yearsubordinate courts: People's Provincial Courts; People's Regional Courts; People's Courts, Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez], ACP, ALBA, AOSIS, CELAC, EAEU (observer), FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Lianys TORRES RIVERA (since 14 January 2021)chancery: 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone: [1] (202) 797-8515 through 8518FAX: [1] (202) 797-8521email address and website: recepcion@usadc.embacuba.cuhttp://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/en/usa, chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Timothy ZUNIGA-BROWN (since 31 July 2020)embassy: Calzada between L & M Streets, Vedado, Havanamailing address: 3200 Havana Place, Washington DC 20521-3200telephone: [53] (7) 839-4100FAX: [53] (7) 839-4247email address and website: acshavana@state.govhttps://cu.usembassy.gov/, five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texasnote: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed, royal palm; national colors: red, white, blue, name: "La Bayamesa" (The Bayamo Song)lyrics/music: Pedro FIGUEREDOnote: adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed "La Bayamesa" in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just prior to the fusillade he is reputed to have shouted, "Morir por la Patria es vivir" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem, total World Heritage Sites: 9 (7 cultural, 2 natural)selected World Heritage Site locales: Old Havana (c); Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios (c); San Pedro de la Roca Castle (c); Desembarco del Granma National Park (n); Viales Valley (c); Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations (c); Alejandro de Humboldt National Park (n); Historic Cienfuegos (c); Historic Camagey (c), still largely state-run planned economy, although privatization increasing under new constitution; widespread protests due to lack of basic necessities and electricity; massive foreign investment increases recently; known tobacco exporter; unique oil-for-doctors relationship with Venezuela; widespread corruption, $137 billion (2017 est. (Haiti). DIEGO PARY RODRGUEZ ( Bolivia ), associating himself with the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77, said that, today, after its 2019 coup d'tat, his country is joining the sovereign nations of the world to reject this immoral and criminal blockade. - Haiti's proximity to a tectonic plate boundary helps explain the January 2010 earthquake. )arable land: 33.8% (2018 est. From 1998 to 2010, Cuba performed over 207,000 Surgeries, restored eye sight to 45,000, 14.6 Million patient-doctor consultations, taught 100,000 how to read and helped in the birth of 100,000 children. Both of these nations struggled for decades to gain their independent and achieve their revolutionary objectives. The second major range, Haitis Massif du Nord (Northern Massif), is a series of parallel chains known in the Dominican Republic as the Cordillera Central. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 48,500 bbl/day (2018 est. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Im confident that Cuba will rise again and will thrive. The percentage of land covered by forests. The most northerly range, known as the Cordillera Septentrional in the Dominican Republic, occurs in Haiti only on Tortue Island, off the northern coast. Source: Wikipedia, 2023; UNData, 2023. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions were harshly suppressed. He is also the co-founder of the City University Graduate School of Journalisms Center for Community and Ethnic Media and a senior producer at CUNY TV. Within the gulf lies Gonve Island, which has an area of approximately 290 square miles (750 square km). But there are similarities and Cuba and Haiti are a perfect example of this. Haiti did not fare well in the global economy after it gained its independence, but they were able to dismantle the previous political and social systems that had been in place while they were a colony.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_11',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); This was partly due to the fact that there were few to no whites left on in Haiti once they were independent from France. [6], "Embassy of Cuba in Port-Au Prrince, Haiti", "HAITI: PORT-AU-PRINCE: CUBA OPENS NEW EMBASSY", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CubaHaiti_relations&oldid=1083903464, This page was last edited on 21 April 2022, at 13:06. Cuba vs Haiti. Home; . Haiti and Cuba living comparison. The first half of Freedom's Mirror takes the reader up to Haitian independence and victory over Napoleon's forces in 1804. Over 3,000 doctors have been sent to Haiti since 1998 and have educated 550 Haitians at Latin American Medical School in Havana with 567 Haitians currently studying at ELAM as of 2010. However, the influence on Cuba of the Stalinized Marxism imported from the USSR, with its realpolitik political premises, crystallized the shifting Cuban foreign policy into a method that converted necessity into virtue. Thinking Spatially and Data Analysis - Central Asia - Physical Features and . No two countries in the Caribbean have had the sort of international impact as Haiti and Cuba have. ppg dbc basecoat mixing ratio how was the development of cuba and of haiti different. A higher GDP per capita indicates a superior standard of living. In eastern Haiti the river was impounded as Lake Pligre in the mid-20th century; a hydroelectric complex began operating at Pligre in 1971, but its power output has been unreliable during the dry season. The average life expectancy at birth for the countrys male population. )investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est. To the west of the capital, near the quakes epicentre, the city of Logne was almost completely ruined. Haiti Revolts While Cuba Complies: How Revolutionary Movements Differ in Haiti and Cuba Often the term "revolution" makes one think of the Revolutionary War in the American colonies. Under the dictatorship of Toussaint it was unclear who his loyalty was to, and thus he was unseated from power no longer after he gained it.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_4',106,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_5',106,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-106{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. The Citadel (Citadelle Laferrire), a fortress built by Haitian ruler Henry Christophe in the early 19th century, stands atop one of the peaks overlooking the city of Cap-Hatien and the narrow coastal plain. Privacy policy, Unknown. Author of. The Brits were supposed to be Haitis trading partner and help with its standing in the world. Saint Domingue and Cuba wished to overthrow their colonial rulers, but had a difficult doing so because France and Spain were not eager to let their moneymaking colonies go. Cuban racists beliefs combined with economic concerns were a direct catalyst for this drastic Haitian exodus. ), 16.478 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. In 1902, Cuba became "independent", but, according to the . Dominican Republic. We lack the educated workforce necessary to move a nation forward. Currently, the worlds population is growing at a rate of approximately 1.07% per year. They came mainly to the east, and especially Guantanamo, where the French later introduced sugar cultivation, constructed sugar refineries and developed coffee plantations. The DAC adopted ODA as the "gold standard" of foreign aid in 1969 and it remains the main source of financing for development aid . They came mainly to the east, and especially Guantanamo, where the French later introduced sugar cultivation, constructed sugar refineries and developed coffee plantations. )exports: 0 kWh (2020 est. Last month, I spent a week in Cuba and saw a country buzzing with excitement, as people get ready to capitalize on economic opportunities that are looming on the horizon. By continuing to browse our site, you agree to our use of cookies. Auteur de l'article Par ; Date de l'article goodrich funeral orbits durand, wi; brandon burlsworth accident sur how was the development of cuba and of haiti different sur how was the development of cuba and of haiti different Download latest HDI dataset. There is a real need . Like Haiti, Cuba was a weak state, vulnerable to the aggressions of an imperialist superpower, and it was dependent on Soviet economic and military support. Low unemployment rate indicates better career opportunities and economic growth. A number of U.S. firms maintain operations in Haiti, including commercial banks, airlines, oil, and agribusiness . Since Hurricane Georges, Cuba has sent medical aid to Haiti in the form of doctors, education and medical supplies. Publicado em . 14.3 years longer life expectancy at birth, 3.18x higher percentage of internet users, 19.5 years lower median age of female population, population with access to improved water sources. While Haiti was struggling, Cubas economy boomed during the early 1900s when sugar and cotton were king and it grew sugar in abundance. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. ), 36 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est. However, neither of these groups sought after independence and reformists mainly wanted Spain to treat Cuba as a province. Nearly 50 years later, Haiti is now the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and the fourth poorest in the world. In October of 1868 the Ten Years war began, as many white planters on the eastern side of the island freed their slaves, expecting them to help fight against the Spanish. )methane emissions: 9.3 megatons (2020 est. )$134.8 billion (2016 est. Jean-Bertrand Aristide and Fidel Castro agreed to reestablish relations in 1997 and later that year, a Cuban Embassy opened up in Port-au-Prince. Applicant is not required to be present when applying for Cuba tourist visa. But the U.S. convinced England that aiding Haiti would be detrimental to its national security and economic well-being. ), total: 17.9% (2020 est. Similarly, black Haitians were stereotyped as being violent and rife with crime. Human Development Index 0.521: 0.855: GDP per capita: $1,300 US: $10,200 US: Literacy Rate 52.9%: 99.8%: Corruption Perception Index 1.4: 4.3: Percentage of Women in Parliament . Cuba already possesses many assets that can be harnessed to accomplish these goals. )note: data are in 2016 US dollars, 1.25% (2021 est. The stay is usually short with a period of 30 days. Source: Wikipedia, 2023. 1982 - Cuba, together with other Latin American states, gives Argentina moral support in its dispute with Britain over . According to UNICEF, 80% of the population live in poverty and 48% in . )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. On 12 January 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called "wet-foot, dry-foot" policy by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay. Perhaps if the U. S. had not interfered in Cuba, white elites could hav pressured more by Afro-Cubans to revolutionize the political and social systems of their nations, however that was not the case. ), total subscriptions: 6,661,763 (2020 est. See answer. The youth unemployment rate is calculated as a percent of the total youth labor force. Also known as government debt or national debt, public debt refers to the sum of all government borrowings owed to lenders within the country. A country comparison like this can be based on several hundred individual data items from dozens of different sources. They also had agricultural economies driven by slave labor.var cid='9687976154';var pid='ca-pub-3243264408777652';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-box-3-0';var ffid=1;var alS=1002%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} Development or destitution. "Haitian Heritage In Cuba As Heard Through Song", Espectros y espejismos: Hait en el imaginario cubano, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Cuban&oldid=1129142415, This page was last edited on 23 December 2022, at 19:48. )exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. The United States is also a significant supplier of humanitarian goods to Cuba, including medicines and medical products . They are two small countries with outsized influence, even if Haiti is considered by many to be a car crash pile up that evokes poverty voyeurism. )female: 10.3% (2020 est. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became . From logistical perspective, both attempts at revolution had several similarities. Many have arrived in recent years due to natural disasters in Haiti such as the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. The third major range, known as the Matheux Mountains (Chane des Matheux) in west-central Haiti and the Trou dEau Mountains (Chane du Trou dEau) farther east, corresponds to the Sierra de Neiba in the Dominican Republic. Plains, which are quite limited in extent, are the most productive agricultural lands and the most densely populated areas. However, a revolution implies grand economic, political, and/or social change and the colonies standing in all three of these spheres remained relatively the same after the war was over. [7], Haitians lived in small communities near the sugar cane plantations, very rural and removed from populous cities. Tortue Island has an area of about 70 square miles (180 square km). In 1937, over 25,000 Haitians were forcibly removed from Cuba and sent back to Haiti. )consumption: 4,000 metric tons (2020 est. More than a million people were made homeless. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reflects the value and productivity of an economy. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. )1 (2016 est. Spain tries to appease slave population as well, by slowly dismantling the system. ), fossil fuels: 95.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Haiti, country in the Caribbean Sea that includes the western third of the island of Hispaniola and such smaller islands as Gonve, Tortue (Tortuga), Grande Caye, and Vache. Their living and working conditions were not much better than slavery. I urge the next president of Haiti to make a visit to Cuba its first priority and sit down with his Cuban counterpart and get a primer on how to develop a poor country with pride and dignity. )industry: 22.7% (2017 est. Vodou is decentralized and flexible. Due to the United States occupation of Haiti, many Haitians left to find work as laborers in neighboring countries like Cuba. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. )investment in fixed capital: 9.6% (2017 est. 12.8% of GDP vs 2.4% of GDP; 7.58x more forests . [5], Haitian practice of vodou, was often mistaken for "witchcraft. ), illicit emigration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US including direct flights to Miami and overland via the southwest border; the number of Cubans migrating to the US surged after the announcement of normalization of US-Cuban relations in late December 2014 but has decreased since the end of the so-called "wet-foot, dry-foot" policy on 12 January 2017, soil degradation and desertification (brought on by poor farming techniques and natural disasters) are the main environmental problems; biodiversity loss; deforestation; air and water pollution, party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation, particulate matter emissions: 18.37 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. The United States occupied Cuba until they felt Cuba could maintain itself without their help, but brought along their own racial ideologies with them, and left them there in Cuba. )1 (2014 est. ), improved: urban: 98.9% of populationrural: 97% of populationtotal: 98.5% of populationunimproved: urban: 1.1% of populationrural: 3% of populationtotal: 1.5% of population (2020 est. - A Coastal pollution has hit Cuba, Haiti, and Puerto Rico harder than other parts of the Caribbean. )2.62% (2020 est. SLE includes primary to tertiary education. The Artibonite then skirts the Noires Mountains as it flows to the Gulf of Gonve. )percent of population: 74% (2020 est. Haiti was able to turn the previous system upside by having former slaves and people of mixed race hold and exercise power over their nation, once France withdrew from the island and recognized their independence. Hopefully, this overview gives you a good idea of what CUBA Platform is and makes it tempting to try. This metric reflects the overall quality of life. . Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. )male: 25.5% (2020 est. In order to defeat the Cuba rebels, Spain tries to divide them by dividing the rebels because of race. A country roughly the size of Maryland, it was a prosperous French colony whose slaves had the temerity to fight and defeat the mighty French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804 after a TK war of independence. Cuba struggled economically, especially on the eastern side of the island. Poverty, corruption, vulnerability to natural . Public health care is more affordable for an average citizen and usually guaranteed for everyone. Source: city's official website, 2023. ), household consumption: 57% (2017 est. Most of them refer to the previous year and are updated around March of the . The ranges western extension on the southern peninsula is called the Massif de la Hotte (Massif du Sud), which rises to 7,700 feet (2,345 metres) at Macaya Peak. Versus uses cookies to improve your experience on the site. The Eastern European nation helped Cuba along, providing it with oil and other goods it needed. Haiti was a French colony, and the final years of the 1791-1804 Haitian Revolution brought a wave of French settlers fleeing with their Haitian slaves to Cuba. )$12,100 (2014 est. . In 2018, half of the population was undernourished and the country's Global Hunger Index score rose to 35 - up from 28 in 2009 - reaching the "alarming" threshold. Editors note: Second of a three-part series. )note: folk religions include religions of African origin, spiritualism, and others intermingled with Catholicism or Protestantism; data is estimative because no authoritative source on religious affiliation exists for Cuba, 0-14 years: 16.39% (male 926,457/female 874,347)15-64 years: 66.81% (male 3,692,573/female 3,647,316)65 years and over: 16.8% (2023 est.) ), degree of risk: intermediate (2020)food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis Avectorborne diseases: dengue fever, total: 4.7 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The death rate, also called crude death rate, represents the number of annual deaths per 1,000 people at midyear. I, unfortunately, am not so optimistic about my beloved homeland. ), forest revenues: 0.06% of GDP (2018 est. Cuba has an embassy in Port-au-Prince[1] and Haiti has an embassy in Havana. Cuba is one of the last-remaining communist countries in the world, and has endured decades of trade embargoes imposed by the United States, cutting off its access to essential supplies. ), total population: 79.87 yearsmale: 77.53 yearsfemale: 82.35 years (2023 est. The generally rugged topography of central and western Hispaniola is reflected in Haitis name, which derives from the indigenous Arawak place-name Ayti (Mountainous Land); about two-thirds of the total land area is above 1,600 feet (490 metres) in elevation. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [3], Since Hurricane Georges, Cuba has sent medical aid to Haiti in the form of doctors, education and medical supplies. )from petroleum and other liquids: 14.636 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. In Cuba's case, rigid central planning and stifling one-party communism are the main culprits, while Haiti is suffering the opposite problem: a slide . ), general assessment: internet availability has increased substantially over the past few years, but only about 64 percent of Cubans have Internet access, and even fewer Cubans--about 60 percent of the population--have access to cell phone service; in 2021 the Cuban Government passed a decree that strengthened its authority to censor Internet and telephonic communications; state control of the telecom sector hinders development; Cuba has the lowest mobile phone and Internet subscription rates in the region; fixed-line density is also very low; thaw of US-Cuba relations encouraged access to services, such as Wi-Fi hot spots; access to sites is controlled and censored; DSL and Internet are available in Havana, though costs are too high for most Cubans; international investment and agreement to improve Internet access through cost-free and direct connection between networks (2021)domestic: fixed-line density remains low at a little over 13 per 100 inhabitants; mobile-cellular service has expanded to about 59 per 100 persons (2020)international: country code - 53; the ALBA-1, GTMO-1,and GTMO-PRfiber-optic submarine cables link Cuba, Jamaica, and Venezuela;satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) (2019)note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services, government owns and controls all broadcast media: five national TV channels (Cubavision, Tele Rebelde, Multivision, Educational Channel 1 and 2), two international channels (Cubavision Internacional and Caribe), 16 regional TV stations, 6 national radio networks, and multiple regional stations; the Cuban Government beams over the Radio-TV Marti signal; although private ownership of electronic media is prohibited, several online independent news sites exist; those that are not openly critical of the government are often tolerated; the others are blocked by the government; there are no independent TV channels, but several outlets have created strong audiovisual content (El Toque, for example); a community of young Youtubers is also growing, mostly with channels about sports, technology and fashion; Christian denominations are creating original video content to distribute via social media (2019), total: 8,381,696 (2020 est.

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