Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Zain-ul-Abidin - Wikipedia This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas puhdas in Persian - Finnish-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. Mughal Sultanate Flashcards | Quizlet According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. Match words . Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Translation of " " into Persian . His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. Who translated the Ramayan & Mahabharata into Persia? Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? - ProfoundTips View all Google Scholar citations The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. Verse 15. Abstract. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. It is by late Vidwan T.K. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. View Answer He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Son of Ajitapida. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Rajatarangini | Sanskrit, Chronicle, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Son of Aksha. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. Persian Literature During Delhi Sultanate - MCQ Books For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. After his death, the queen committed. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Kalhana was a poet. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Rajatarangini/Original languages Wife of Damodara. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Gave lands to Brahmins. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. Son of Sangramapida II. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). PDF Translating the Past: Rethinking 'Rajatarangini' Narratives in - JSTOR According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Smaller Kingdoms during Sultanate Era - Jagranjosh.com Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. translator of the Rajataragini. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. Died young. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. He erected a monument at. Cultural Life during the Sultanate Period - History Discussion Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Has data issue: true Nothing is known about his origin. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Answer. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Answer. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Answer. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Jizya was abolished too in his command. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. In 1380 C.E. issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. Who among the following is associated with translation of Rajatarangini A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Rajatarangini - Rajatarangini.pdf - [PDF Document] [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors.

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